This paper reviews some of the empirical studies and research findings based on PTSD, major depression disorder
SAMPLE OF LITERATURE REVIEW SAMPLE Abstract In the past decade, there has been an increased concern about children being exposed to various traumatic events and violence. Most of them end up developing post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Therefore, health practitioners should identify and treat PTSD reactions among children. Various studies give evidence that trauma and violence cause severe effects on the psychological development of a child. In addition, after a review of many studies, the results indicate that the impact of trauma and violence on the psychological development of the child and most of the results indicate that PTSD and depressive disorder are among the major complications. This paper reviews some of the empirical studies and research findings based on PTSD, major depression disorders, and the effects of trauma and violence on children’s psychological development. Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression are among the identified illnesses that are used by disturbing events witnessed or encountered by an individual (Stensland, 2014). Disorders are clinically and psychologically approved to cause psychological problems to children. Many people experience traumatic events that vary from one to another (Olema et al., 2014). For instance, there are car and airplane accidents, sexual abuse, as well as domestic violence. Study shows that the effects of traumatic events lead to PTSD and other psychiatric related diseases, such as depression, anxiety, panic, lack of socialization, isolated identity disorder, bipolar, personality development disorder and schizophrenia (Debell et al., 2041). Many cases have been reported as children have experienced traumatic events physically, emotionally or sexually. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on PTSD and major depressive disorders as a result of the trauma and violence on children’s psychological development. According to Stensland (2014), trauma is an experience that one goes through emotionally physically, leading to physical and psychological stress. It comes as a result of a single event, a series of events or situations that are emotionally harmful and threatening. The research reveals that the cases of stress always trigger survival responses in the child (Karam et al., 2014). 1 SAMPLE OF LITERATURE REVIEW FOR PSYCHOLOGY CAPSTONE PROJECT According to a study by Debell et al. (2041), childhood trauma affects the child’s psychological development in the future, and the results show up later in life. Children who undergo events that threaten their life always develop a personality with low self-esteem. The authors state that traumatic events lead to the following symptoms: mood swings, emotional instability, anxiety, anger, impulsiveness, aggression, depression, as well as dissociation. They emphasize violence leads to PTSD and depression. Jooste (2014) emphasizes that the early forms of trauma usually alter the perception of the child where they lack self-trust and develop low self-esteem. Maritz adds that a child who undergoes severe trauma develops a sense of foreshortening. They always fear to live as they see the future not promising since it is even more dangerous. Debell et al. (2041) studied adverse experiences that trauma causes in the early years of development of the child. It affects the interpersonal relationship of the child later when they grow up. The violence and trauma that a child experiences also affects their well-being, and that is transferred to adulthood. Most of the stated experiences include neglect and child abuse in any form, such as sexual abuse, physical and emotional abuse. According to an investigation by Debell et al. (2041), interference with the welfare of the child also affects their developmental framework. In addition, Karam et al. (2014) identified that children who go through traumatic events usually show negative social behavior and have a problem in mental and physical development. According to the empirical studies carried on various people, childhood trauma results in PTSD as compared to the trauma caused when one is an adult. The researchers used a sample from the Middle East where there were many cases of violence, and the results indicate that childhood trauma was associated with more cases of PTSD than those in childhood experience (Karam et al., 2014). Similar research by Olema et al. (2014) indicates that there are some hidden causes of maltreatment that appear later in adulthood. Most people in war regions had traumatizing events caused by violence, but the symptoms did not show; therefore, the effects reflected later during adulthood. In this article, there were major events that were conducted on the effect of trauma Debell et al. (2041). In this case, the questionnaires were developed and given to various participants. Most women reported the cases of physical violence, and the children also stated both sexual and domestic violence,